CMS Dashboard Showing Angular Property Names rather than Property Values

The issue is either cache or missing JS files.

Clearing your cache can be done in your browsers settings. Otherwise check out this Kentico Article on troubleshooting the Kentico Dashboard UI.

I think it's either possibly a permissions issue with some of the necessary admin files (the new location is in "Inetpub", not "Documents/Git" or a Macro signing issue. When I switch the local IIS site location back to the working location (both the working and non-working locations are running the same database), I can see Event Log entries with the following errors:

There are about 20 or so of these after the APPLICATION_START event that are all similar failed security checks. I tried going through the re-signing process detailed in the documentation to no avail.

Even weirder, I cloned the GIT repo to another PC entirely and it works over there. Only when cloning the repo to the same computer in a different location does it do this...really weird.

I'd suggest resigning ALL your macros, which can be done in System>Macros>Signatures. Next, I'd make sure your application pool user (typically IIS_USRS) has access to the /CMS directory.