Hi Tim,
Yes, using the GUID, you can get this information by running a SQL query similar to the following:
SELECT Media_File.FileName, Media_Library.LibraryName, Media_Library.LibraryFolder
FROM Media_File
INNER JOIN Media_Library ON Media_File.FileLibraryID = Media_Library.LibraryID
WHERE FileGUID = '<the GUID for your media file>'
This would return the image name, Media Library name, and Media Library folder it is in but there are many other fields from those tables that you could return as well depending on your needs.
I hope this helps!