Hello Joshua,
calling ResolveMacros in ASCX layouts is not a good idea. Well, you get the result you want but why would you resolve macros when you can use API directly as in your initial post.
What I would recommend is switching your layout type from ASCX to HTML where macros are resolved automatically and then you can set the background image url like this:
~/getattachment/{%CurrentDocument.MenuItemTeaserImage|(identity)GlobalAdministrator%}/background.aspx
Best regards,
Jan Hermann