Your best option would be to use a different datasource that you can apply the filter. In that scenario you are going to have to do some custom connecting to allow you to load more subsets of data based on the filter selected and where you are at in your dataset.
Another option (and may be more practical) is to load a much larger set of data in your repeater and use jQuery to create a simulated 'load more'. Depending on how much data, will not be a huge performance hit but will allow a lot more flexibility for you to manage how you want it to work.